AUGUST , 2023 | THE HEALTH

MINDTALK

BY DR ROZANIZAM ZAKARIA

Self-esteem is a critical part of human psychology that determines our emotional well-being , behaviour , and overall mental health . It is sometimes referred to as the cornerstone of our self-perception . How we see and value ourselves significantly impacts our capacity to deal with life ’ s obstacles , establish stable relationships , and live a meaningful life .

This issue is particularly important among adolescents and youths , as self-esteem plays a crucial role in shaping self-identity , relationships , and decision-making during this stage of development . However , this period of life can be challenging , as young individuals face numerous physical , emotional , and social changes that can impact their self-esteem .

Among the highlights of self-esteem issues among this group of population include body image , academic performance , peer acceptance , career pressure , financial and lifestyle competition and self-identity development . If these issues are not addressed properly , the consequence will involve mental health problems such as stress , depression , anxiety , substance abuse and self-harming behaviour .

UNDERSTANDING SELF-ESTEEM

In his writing entitled “ The Psychology of Self-Esteem ”, Nathaniel Branden ( 1969 ) defined self-esteem as the subjective evaluation and perception of one ’ s worth , capabilities , and overall value as an individual . It is formed through a complex interplay of various factors , including early childhood experiences , social interactions , achievements , and personal attributes . Healthy self-esteem fosters a positive self-image , leading to confidence , resilience , and a sense of worthiness . On the other hand , low self-esteem can give rise to feelings of inadequacy , self-doubt , and increased vulnerability to mental health issues .

The link between low self-esteem and depression / anxiety has been extensively studied , and numerous research findings have established a strong connection between the two . One of the most influential and widely cited meta-analyses on the topic was conducted by Sowislo and Orth ( 2013 ). The researchers analysed data from 77 longitudinal studies with a total sample size of over 100,000 participants to examine the temporal association between self-esteem and depression .

Among the key findings from the meta-analysis include , evidences of the bidirectional relationship between self-esteem and depression . Low self-esteem predicted an increased risk of developing depression over time , and having depression was associated with a subsequent decrease in self-esteem . In addition to that , the link between low self-esteem and depression was found to be stronger in adolescents than in adults . Adolescents with low self-esteem were more vulnerable to developing depression , and depression in adolescence had a stronger negative impact on self-esteem over time .

IMPACT OF SELF-ESTEEM ON MENTAL HEALTH

1 . Psychological resilience - high selfesteem serves as a protective factor , increasing a person ’ s resistance to adversity and stress . Those with high self-esteem are more inclined to approach difficult situations with optimism and problem-solving skills . On the other hand , individuals with low self-esteem may struggle to cope successfully with life ’ s hardships , leading to increased worry and sadness .

2 . Emotional well-being - a positive self-perception is closely linked to emotional well-being . When individuals hold themselves in high regard , they tend to experience more positive emotions , such as happiness , contentment , and satisfaction . Conversely , those with low self-esteem are susceptible to

negative emotions like sadness , guilt and shame .

3 . Mental health disorders - low selfesteem is frequently associated with the development of various mental health disorders . Conditions such as depression , anxiety disorders , eating disorders , and personality disorders are often intertwined with a negative self-concept . Individuals may become trapped in a cycle of self-criticism and negative thought patterns , exacerbating their mental health challenges .

4 . Coping mechanisms - self-esteem significantly influences an individual ’ s coping mechanisms . Those with high self-esteem are more likely to adopt adaptive coping strategies , seeking support and actively addressing their problems . In contrast , individuals with low self-esteem may resort to maladaptive coping mechanisms , such as avoidance , substance abuse , or self-harm , leading to further deterioration of their mental health .

PROMOTING HEALTHY SELF-ESTEEM

As self-esteem plays a pivotal role in

Dr Rozanizam Zakaria is a Psychiatrist and an Assoc Prof at the Kulliyyah of Medicine , International Islamic University Malaysia ( IIUM ). He is also a fellow in child and adolescent psychiatry . mental health , it is essential to foster healthy self-esteem from an early age and throughout life . Here are some strategies to promote a positive self-concept :

These are some strategies applicable to all to improve one ’ s self-esteem . 1 . Self-Compassion - encourage self-compassion , helping individuals treat themselves with the same kindness and understanding they would offer to a friend facing difficulties . This can be done by setting realistic expectations in life , being aware of one ’ s personal limitation and strength , and willing to seek help and support where necessary .

2 . Recognising personal strengths - acknowledge and celebrate individual strengths and accomplishments , no matter how small they may seem . A simple gesture such as writing a gratitude journal or rewarding self for a small daily achievement can be meaningful to improve one ’ s self-confidence .

3 . Challenging negative thoughts - develop skills to challenge negative thought patterns and replace them with more balanced and realistic beliefs .

4 . Building supportive relationships - surround yourself with supportive and uplifting individuals who value and appreciate you for who you are .

5 . Seeking professional help - if struggling with self-esteem or mental health issues , seek the guidance of mental health professionals who can offer support and evidence-based interventions . The link between self-esteem and mental health is apparent , with each having a major impact on the other . Developing strong self-esteem is an important step towards enhancing overall mental health .

Individuals can cultivate a positive self-concept and create the resilience needed to face life ’ s problems with more ease by encouraging self-compassion , recognising personal strengths , and seeking help when needed . Accepting the link between self-esteem and mental health enables us to live more satisfying lives and promotes a culture where mental health is valued and encouraged . – The Health